Atomwaffen Division Financing
Backgrounder and counter-terrorist financing options
In this post, I explore the financing mechanisms used by Atomwaffen Division and the new iteration of the group, National Socialist Order. Both AWD and NSO, as well as James Mason, one of the ideological leaders of AWD, are all listed terrorist entities in Canada. Like many ideologically-motivated violent extremist groups, AWD is largely self-funded by its members (consistent with their adoption of “leaderless resistance”), and uses its funds for low-complexity attacks. The group also raises some funds through propaganda sales, but how these funds are used, stored, and managed, remains unclear. Counter-terrorist financing options are limited due to the group’s financial (and networked, rather than hierarchical) structure, but financial intelligence and financial exclusion practices are likely to yield the greatest results against the group and subsequent iterations of the group and its members.
Current as of 16 October 2021Introducing Atomwaffen Division
Atomwaffen Division (AWD) is a neo-Nazi terrorist group founded in the United States in 2015. In 2020, the group announced that it was disbanding, although shortly thereafter members of the group created the National Socialist Order (NSO), which is widely considered to be the same entity. In 2019, there were approximately 60-80 members of AWD and a smaller number of “initiates”; however, AWD/NSO uses a decentralized cell structure / leaderless resistance, so estimates of actual membership or adherents vary.1 AWD has offshoots or associated cells in several countries including Germany (Feuerkrieg Division),2 the UK (Sonnenkrieg Division - although the exact nature of the relationship between the groups is debated), Poland, Canada, Czech Republic, Ukraine,3 and Russia. AWD originally organized online, mostly through Discord (a communications platform), and while there is no publicly available information suggesting that the group raised money through Discord, the platform does provide the ability for users to generate funds through private servers, advertisements, donations, and sponsorship.
Financing Mechanisms
Raising Funds
Most of the AWD/NSO funding likely comes from members’ self-financing. For instance, AWD member William James Tschantre cashed in $3,000 of savings and quit his fast-food job before purchasing a pair of rifles and hundreds of rounds of ammunition. The group might also use propaganda sales to support some aspects of its organization as well as some of its members. For instance, AWD has used Amazon CreateSpace to sell propaganda,4 and AWD has sold merchandise including t-shirts, mugs, books, and according to information provided by Canada to the Financial Action Task Force, the group has used some of these funds to support other members accused of crimes.5
The American Futurist website and tangentially associated with AWD/NSO was set up in 2020 to spread Mason’s propaganda. The site accepts donations through Bitcoin and Monero, and there are also instructions for sending physical currency to a post office box. According to a note on the website, the funds are not used for “petty personal purposes” and are instead funnelled to “projects of interest”.6 However, no further information on the site conclusively links it or the funds that could potentially be raised, directly to any NSO/AWD member.
AWD has also used YouTube to spread propaganda, but there is no information to suggest that their channels were monetized or were a significant source of funds. There is also no information to suggest that they charge fees for members to attend training camps (see below).7
Using Funds
AWD has held training camps (commonly referred to as “hate camps”) at which they conduct weapons training and learn combat skills. One of these held in the Nevada desert lasted three days and was organized by Michael Lloyd Hubsky. The costs involved in running the camp are unknown, but as with other terrorist training camps, it is likely that members pooled funds to acquire the goods and weapons needed for the camp, essentially self-financing their training activities. Individual members also likely paid for their own travel to and from the camps.
The murders that AWD members have committed to date have been lone-actor, low-complexity attacks using weapons that the perpetrators already owned, and while perpetrated by AWD members, it remains unclear if all of the incidents were motivated by the group’s ideology and perpetrated to advance its goals. (For a run-down of many of these incidents, see Ware, “Siege: The Atomwaffen Division and Rising Far-Right Terrorism in the United States”). Many of the members acquired their weapons and ammunition well in advance of any planned incident. For instance, one member was arrested with an AR15 and 1,000 rounds of ammunition, a weapon he had likely acquired some time before the incident.8 In some cases, cells may have been preparing for more complex attacks. Following the arrest of AWD member Devon Arthurs, a cooler with HMTD was found by police, as well as other explosive precursors, components including electric matches, and empty ammunition casings with fuses (which can be used as detonators).
Reports also suggest that members travel to visit with international cells; in these cases, individual members have also likely paid for their own travel expenses during their trips abroad.
I talk about how terrorist groups use their funds in detail in my new book, Illicit Money.
Moving Funds
AWD/NSO members exploit the economic and financial systems in the areas they operate, meaning that they likely use the formal financial system (banks) and cash to move and store funds. However, the group’s accelerationist ideology, and particularly their efforts to bring about the demise of the social order, suggests that they might be particularly inclined towards using alternatives to the formal financial system such as cryptocurrencies, other financial technologies, or gaming platforms with payment mechanisms.
According to information submitted by Canada to the Financial Action Task Force, AWD’s resources and financial structure are primarily based online, with reliance on money transfers services.9
Managing and Storing Funds
There is little information to suggest that AWD/NSO or their various associated cells have significant financial resources. However, a reference from the Southern Poverty Law Center to “internal AWD financial papers” suggests that the group might employ some financial management practices and may have more financial resources than this preliminary assessment suggest.
Intelligence Gap: AWD/NSO financial management practices
Intelligence Gap: AWD/NSO financial tradecraft
Counter-Terrorism Financing
AWD/NSO is a listed entity in both Canada and the United Kingdom. Proscription of terrorist organizations is a form of financial sanction intended (in part) to prevent groups from being funded by supporters. Given the limited amount of external funding that AWD/NSO appears to enjoy, this proscription likely has little impact on the group’s (and the individual cells’) overall financial structure.
In the case of AWD/NSO, the use of financial intelligence to detect and disrupt their activities might be of use for counterterrorism and counterterrorism financing. For instance, in cases where members are suspected to be mobilizing to violence, financial activities such as travel, weapons procurement, and organizing their financial affairs could suggest imminent activity. However, given that many group members already possess weapons, further acquisition of weapons might not be a reliable indicator of mobilization. This is particularly true in the United States where gun ownership is a poor indicator of imminent terrorist activity.
Financial intelligence could also be of use in terms of identifying and disrupting any potential foreign or international financing of members / specific cells, or the sharing of resources between different AWD/NSO members or cells. Monitoring confirmed and suspected members’ finances (both through traditional financial intelligence as well as through human sources and technical collection) can provide advance warning of potential mobilization, as well as any increase in the sophistication of the group or individual cells and their longer-term plans.
The identification and publicizing of individual AWD/NSO group members might also be one of the more effective ways to counter the financing of this group and the individual cells. Because of AWD’s decentralized structure, individuals and cells need to be targeted, meaning that specific individuals need to be named for banks and other financial institutions to monitor accounts and, where possible, freeze funds or exit banking relationships. Preventing AWD members from using the formal financial system will complicate their lives (a key component of counterterrorism) and their ability to plan and conduct terrorist activities. However, a lack of coordination amongst different jurisdictions (particularly the United States) will reduce the effectiveness of this approach.
Conclusion
AWD/NSO financing is low-complexity, driven primarily by members, and is likely done on a case-by-case basis. Any funds that the group/cells raise are likely spent on weapons, subsistence, and propaganda. Influxes of funds to particular cells could augment their capabilities, but more sophisticated financial structures are unlikely to materialize due to the groups’ emphasis on a decentralized structure. As a result, counterterrorist financing initiatives should focus on developing financial intelligence from a variety of sources and information sharing with the private sector to exclude AWD/NSO members from the financial system, and should focus on building consensus among states for the listing of terrorist entities.
Publicly-named Atomwaffen Division Members
Devon Arthurs: Florida resident and AWD co-founder.
Brian Patrick Baynes: Fairfax, Virginia resident whose name appeared on “internal AWD financial papers”.
Brandon Cameron: part of Canada’s Supplemental Reserve Force and former regular force member. Acted as a go-between for Atomwaffen in the US and Northern Order, an Atomwaffen affiliate in Canada.
Kaleb James Cole: US AWD member; Washington state has confiscated Cole’s firearms.
John Cameron Denton: charged with trying to intimidate and harass journalists and others in the United States.
Nicholas Giampa: AWD member who murdered his girlfriend’s parents.
Jeremy Himmelman: AWD member murdered by Arthurs.
Patrick Gordon MacDonald, aka Dark Foreigner: Ottawa, Canada resident who has done visuals for a variety of groups including O9A and is reported to be one of AWD’s chief propagandists. It remains unclear whether he has been paid for this work (a potential use of AWD funds).10
Andrew Oneschuck: AWD member in contact with Azov Battalion who had tried to travel to Ukraine at the age of 15. Murdered by Arthurs.
Vasillios Pistolis: AWD member and active duty US military member.
Brandon Russell: Co-founder of Atomwaffen Division and former Florida National Guard member.
Cameron Shea: described as a “leader” of AWD
Joshua Caleb Sutter: runs Martinent Press and part of umbrella group Order of 9 Angles
Samuel Woodward: AWD member and murderer of Blaze Bernstein.
Find this post interesting? Share it with a friend!
Jacob Ware, “Siege: The Atomwaffen Division and Rising Far-Right Terrorism in the United States,” ICCT Policy Brief, 2019, 5
Alexander Epp, “Neo-Nazi ‘Atomwaffen Division’ Spreads Fear in Germany,” Spiegel International, November 13, 2019.
Ibid.
Jessica Davis, Illicit Money: Financing Terrorism in the 21st Century (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2021)
FATF, “Ethnically or Racially Motivated Terrorism Financing” (Paris, France, June 2021).
A preliminary exploration of the Bitcoin address provided on the website indicated that it had not yet received any Bitcoin, and there was no transaction history.
Ware, “Siege: The Atomwaffen Division and Rising Far-Right Terrorism in the United States,” 5.
Ware, 10
FATF, “Ethnically or Racially Motivated Terrorism Financing.”
The production quality on some AWD videos suggests that the group may not spend much money on propaganda production.